See Formestane.

Also known as 4-hydroxyandrostenedione (4-Hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione).  An irreversible, “suicide” inhibitor of the aromatase enzyme (responsible for the conversion of androgens to estrogens).  Originally developed as a treatment for breast cancer, formestane is now sold as a bodybuilding supplement, and used primarily for estrogen control/post-cycle therapy.

An extract from a type of edible ant (Polyrachis vicina) that’s used in traditional Chinese medicine to enhance virility and fertility, as well as boost the immune system and act as an overall restorative/rejuvenator.  Needless to state, there are no studies to verify this, although dried ant powder is pretty nutritious.  Ant extract is used as an ingredient in certain bodybuilding supplements; it was also used as an ingredient in one novelty energy drink in the UK.

Cytidine 5-diphosphocholine; also known as “citicoline”.  A bioavailable source of choline and precursor to the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (cell membrane phospholipid)and acetylcholine (neurotransmitter).  Like alpha-glycerophosphocholine, CDP-choline has neuroprotective and cognitive effects, with potential therapeutic applications for stroke, senile dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.

A proprietary French maritime pine bark extract manufactured by Horphag Research.

For more details, see “Pycnogenol Review & Information“.

An extract from French maritime pine bark containing proanthocyanidins (also known as “procyanidin oligomers” or PCOs). Pine bark extract is a potent antioxidant and has been shown to enhance nitric oxide (NO) production and vasodilation in animal and human experiments.  It also appears to be an effective treatment for chronic venous insufficiency and diabetic retinopathy.  Anti-inflammatory, glucose lowering, analgesic and fertility-enhancing effects have also been observed in trials with human subjects.

A proprietary Fenugreek extract from TSI Health Sciences, that’s standardized to provide 20% 4-hydroxyisoleucine.  TSI claims its in-house, pilot studies show Promilin can help reduce glucose concentrations in “healthy, non-diabetic individuals” without affecting insulin levels – but their data is not available on their web site; nor has it been published in any peer-reviewed journal.

A proprietary proteolytic enzyme preparation produced by Triarco Industries which is added to protein supplements to improve digestion/absorption.  According to the manufacturer’s own studies, however, relatively large doses (2.5–5g) are needed to make a significant impact.  This is more than is typically added to most commercial protein supplements.

An extract made from green, unroasted coffee beans.  Green coffee bean extract is rich in chlorogenic acid, which has anti-hypertensive, vasorelaxing, antioxidant and hypoglycemic effects in humans and/or animals.  Green coffee bean extract has also been demonstrated to have fat/weight loss effects in mice, and – according to a manufacturer’s in-house study – may assist with fat loss in humans, as well.

Green coffee bean extract is currently sold as a standalone supplement, as well as an ingredient in various commercial weight loss supplement blends.

A flavonoid glycoside responsible for the bitter taste of grapefruit.  Naringen is metabolized to its aglycone (i.e., sugar-free) form, naringenin, in-vivo.  Both naringin and naringenin are biologically active and can contribute to the “grapefruit juice effect” on ingested drugs.  Unlike grapefruit furanocoumarins, naringin and naringenin have relatively weak effects on “Phase I” drug-metabolizing enzymes; however, naringenin may also affect drug metabolism via esterase inhibition.

Naringin is sometimes added to dietary supplements to enhance the bioavailability of ingested nutrients/nutraceuticals, although specific benefits have not been demonstrated.

In addition to the above, naringin/naringenin have been shown to have antitumor, anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing), anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-osteoporotic effects in cell culture and/or animal experiments.

Chemical name: 4′,5,7-Trihydroxyflavanone-7-rhamnoglucoside