The active ingredient in Coleus forskohlii – an ancient Ayurvedic medicinal plant.  Forskolin stimulates production of a cellular “messenger” – cAMP (cyclic AMP) – which, in turn, stimulates production of hormone sensitive lipase (HSL), an enzyme involved in the breakdown of stored fat.  Forskolin (typically in the form of standardized extracts) is a common ingredient in fat loss supplements.  Most of the studies published on forskolin have used cell cultures, although  one peer-reviewed study shows (modest) effects in humans, as well.

An essential amino acid and one of the “branched chain amino acids” (BCAAs).  In addition to being a component of body proteins, leucine serves an important function as an initiator of muscle protein synthesis.  Leucine and the other BCAAs (valine and isoleucine) are often taken in supplemental form by bodybuilders, to offset catabolism during workouts and promote post-workout recovery.

See the BCAA review for more information.

See Betaine.

Also known as trimethylglycine.  A naturally-occurring nutrient/metabolite with therapeutic applications.  Supplemental betaine can help reduce homocysteine (a risk factor for cardiovascular disease) and treat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.  Betaine HCl is also a source of hydrochloric acid, and can be used to compensate for decreased production by the stomach (hypochlorhydria).

See the University of Maryland Medical Center for more information.

A glucose polymer created from corn, rice or potato starch. 

Maltodextrins are intermediate in size between starches and sugars/syrups.  They’re flavorless, which makes them useful as food additives.  Maltodextrins are used as bulking or dispersing agents, to modify viscosity or mouthfeel; and as a carrier for flavors in a variety of different food products. 

Maltodextrin is often used as a carb source in meal replacements, weight gainers, and creatine delivery systems. ”Malto” typically has a high glycemic index (similar to glucose), but is technically a “complex carbohydrate” – which enables manufacturers to claim that no sugar has been added to their products.

See “Making the Most of Maltodextrins” for more information.

See Dextrose.

A common term for D-glucose – a simple sugar (monosaccharide) used by the human body as a primary source of fuel.  Glucose is ubiquitous in nature, and is found in a wide range of carbohydrates, from table sugar (sucrose = glucose + fructose) and milk sugar (lactose = glucose + galactose), to cellulose (insoluble fiber), starch and glycogen (all of which are glucose polymers).  

Dextrose is often used in pre-/post-workout supplements, energy drinks and electrolyte replacement beverages, as a source of quickly digested/absorbed energy.  Dextrose may be referred to as “dextrose monohydrate” on certain supp labels.

A carotenoid, which – like lutein – concentrates in the lens and retina, and exerts protective effects against age-related macular degeneration and cataract formation.  Zeaxanthin is found with lutein in dark green leafy vegetables and (also like lutein), has no pro-vitamin A activity.

See the Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Center for more information.

An alkaloid derived from periwinkle that affects cerebral blood flow, memory and learning. Vinpocetine is often added to pre-workout, stimulant blends designed to improve focus, concentration and training drive.

For more information, see “A Review of Nutrients and Botanicals in the Integrative Management of Cognitive Dysfunction” in the Alternative Medicine Review.

See Theobromine.